This is a receptor for glucagon which plays a central role in regulating the level of blood glucose by controlling the rate of hepatic glucose production and insulin secretion. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase and also a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through activation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G-protein coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through activation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
Characterization of the human glucagon-receptor-encoding gene (GGR) should provide a greater understanding of blood glucose regulation and may reveal a genetic basis for the pathogenesis of diabetes. A cDNA encoding a complete functional human glucagon receptor (GGR) was isolated from a liver cDNA library by a combination of polymerase chain reaction and colony hybridization. The cDNA encodes a receptor protein with 80% identity to rat GGR that binds [125I]glucagon and transduces a signal leading to increases in the concentration of intracellular cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate. Southern blot analysis of human DNA reveals a hybridization pattern consistent with a single GGR locus. In situ hybridization to metaphase chromosome preparations maps the GGR locus to chromosome 17q25. Analysis of the genomic sequence shows that the coding region spans over 5.5 kb and is interrupted by 12 introns.
A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. This is the process in which most molecules are secreted from eukaryotic cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) affects about 5% of the world population. The disease presents a polygenic mode of inheritance, but mechanisms and genes involved in late-onset NIDDM are largely unknown. We report the association of a single heterozygous Gly to Ser missense mutation in the glucagon receptor gene with late-onset NIDDM. This mutation was highly associated with NIDDM in a pooled set of French and Sardinian patients (chi 2 = 14.4, P = 0.0001) and showed some evidence for linkage to diabetes in 18 sibships from 9 French pedigrees (chi 2 = 6.63, P < 0.01). Receptor binding studies using cultured cells expressing the Gly40Ser mutation demonstrate that this mutation results in a receptor which binds glucagon with a three-fold lower affinity compared to the wild type receptor.
Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus.
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) affects about 5% of the world population. The disease presents a polygenic mode of inheritance, but mechanisms and genes involved in late-onset NIDDM are largely unknown. We report the association of a single heterozygous Gly to Ser missense mutation in the glucagon receptor gene with late-onset NIDDM. This mutation was highly associated with NIDDM in a pooled set of French and Sardinian patients (chi 2 = 14.4, P = 0.0001) and showed some evidence for linkage to diabetes in 18 sibships from 9 French pedigrees (chi 2 = 6.63, P < 0.01). Receptor binding studies using cultured cells expressing the Gly40Ser mutation demonstrate that this mutation results in a receptor which binds glucagon with a three-fold lower affinity compared to the wild type receptor.
Receptors which transduce extracellular signals across the cell membrane. At the external side they receive a ligand (a photon in case of opsins), and at the cytosolic side they activate a guanine nucleotide-binding (G) protein. These receptors are hydrophobic proteins that cross the membrane seven times.
A reference proteome is a set of protein sequences derived from a complete proteome which constitutes a defined standard for a particular user community. Reference proteomes are manually defined according to a number of criteria. They cover the proteomes of well- studied model organisms and other proteomes of interest for biomedical and biotechnological research. Reference proteomes have been selected to provide broad coverage of the tree of life, and constitute a representative cross-section of the taxonomic diversity to be found within UniProtKB.
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